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Yams

Yams

Introduction
Mr. John Doe

Head Director

Description

A root vegetable originally from the tropics. Often confused with sweet potatoes, yams have rough, dark brown skin that is often compared to tree bark, and their flesh is dry and starchy like a regular potato.
Optimal Time/Temperature for Germination:
Not cold hardy. Wait until a few weeks after the last frost to plant your slips. Yams require a long growing season, so they will not reach maturity in areas with a short growing season.
Optimal Soil Conditions:
To ensure that the roots don’t meet resistance as they expand, make sure that the soil is very loose and well-drained where you want to plant the yams. When the ground starts to dry in the springtime, till the soil approximately 8 to 12 inches deep and re- move debris (i.e. rocks, root pieces, etc.). Spread compost or manure over the soil and till it approximately 8 inches into the ground, to improve the soil’s structure. Rake the area, spray it with water, and let it sit for 2 or 3 days before planting.
Seed Planting Depth, Spacing and Procedure:
Yams aren’t grown from seeds like most other vegetables – they grow from slips, which are derived from the sprouts of adult yams. To grow sprouts, cut a yam in half and submerge one portion in a glass of cool water. Insert toothpicks at three points around the middle of the yam and suspend it over the container, half-submerged in the water. Make sure the yam you choose looks healthy. If you notice discoloration or lesions on the skin, your yam could be diseased, which will transfer to the sprouts. The growth process requires warmth, so place the glass near a heat source. If possible, position the glass near a window so that the sprouting yam gets sunlight as well. Otherwise, place it near a heater. Refill the water in jars or glasses if necessary to keep the submersion level of the yam consistent. Wait for sprouts to form on the yam; this will take a few weeks. Once sprouts are leafy, take each one and gently twist it off of the yam. Each yam can produce up to 50 sprouts. To root the slips, lay each sprout in a shallow container, with the bottom half of the stem sub- merged in water. Allow the leaves to hang out over the rim of the container. Over the course of a few days, you should see roots emerging from the bottom of each sprout. When the roots are about an inch long, they are then slips that are ready to be planted. Ensure that you have enough room to accommodate the slips that you’ll be planting. Large tubers need a lot of space to grow, as do the vines of the plants, which grow vigorously. Ideally, you should leave approximately a meter of space between each plant. Dig holes about 4″ or 5″ deep and 3″ wide (approximately 10 or 12 cm deep and 7-8 cm wide). Place slips in the holes (dug about 8 to 10 inches apart), positioned with the roots pointing down and the leafy tops above the soil. Very gently fill the holes with soil, being careful not to jostle or bruise the slips too much. Press soil down lightly to get rid of any air pockets.
Best Companion Plants and Plants that Hinder:

Growing Instructions

Crop Maintenance

Yam plant vines are not sturdy and require support in order to produce a large yield. Keep an eye on the plants and stake the mounds approximately 4 weeks after the vines first emerge. Use bamboo canes as support for these yam vines, which can grow up to 10 ft.
Moisture Requirements & Solutions:
Newly planted slips should be watered every day the first week, every second day the second week, and less and less as they grow. Be generous in hydrating them but avoid water logging. Yams thrive in sunlight, so if the soil gets dry, adjust the watering schedule accordingly.
Weeding Needs & Solutions:
Yams don’t like competition from weeds as they are heavy feeders when developing roots. The crop yield is reduced by the presence of perennial weeds such as johnsongrass, bermudagrass, alligator weed, and yellow and purple nutsedge. Some other major weeds affecting sweet potatoes include pigweed, common cocklebur, common lambsquarter, common ragweed and Pennsylvania smartweed. Cultivating in the fall and removing weeds as they come in can help control these weeds. Before growers plant and if weeds are actively growing, they can apply something like diluted vinegar concentrate to clear the planting area.
Feeding Needs/Optimal Natural Fertilizers:
Fertilize every two to four weeks during the growth period. Yams do well with organic fertilizer that is low in nitrogen, an element which can com- promise root development, and is high in phosphorus. Organic sources of phosphorus are phosphate rock and compost.
Pests, Diseases & Solutions:
Yam mosaic disease. Caused by aphids, this condition results in yellow and light green discoloration on the leaves. To prevent this disease, keep the growing area free of weeds and use disease-free slips. If you notice diseased plants, remove them immediately. Dry rot disease. This condition causes light yellow lesions on the outer skin, eventually turning the entire yam black. Use disease-free slips to prevent dry rot. If your yams have this disease, soak them in hot water for an hour post-harvest to lessen the effects. Mealy bugs. This insect looks like a white, cotton-like oval. Mealy bugs can hinder growth and attract ants. Treat mealy bugs by removing infected plants and using neem oil. White scale insects. These insects create tiny white scales on the skin of yams and can slow growth. Treat infected plants by removing affected parts as much as possible and treating with plant safe soap with natural insect repellent.
When to Harvest/Number of days to maturity:
Yams they require over 4 months of warm temperatures to reach maturity. They should be harvested when the tops of plants start to go yellow and wither. Harvesting generally occurs in autumn.
How to Harvest:
Use a pitchfork or similar gardening implement to gently dig into the soil and remove the tubers from under the surface. Start digging a safe distance from the stem. Be careful not to pierce the skin of the yams when removing them from the ground. Refrain from washing yams after harvesting. Instead, sort yams into boxes or baskets to cure them before storage. Curing can be done in approximately 2 weeks. To do so, place yams in a warm, dark place with some ventilation and leave them undisturbed. This process will allow bruising and wounds on the yams to heal, and seal out rot bacteria.
Optimal Storage temperature and conditions:
Can be kept for several months. Store yams in a cool, dry spot like a kitchen cabinet.
Optimal Preserving Procedures:
Saving roots is the best option. Yams are best left in the ground as long as possible and eaten fresh.
Seed Saving:
In traditional yam cultivation tubers for sprouting are part of the crop. The yam crop stays in the field for 8 to 10 months and the tubers are ready to grow in another 2 to 3 months after harvest when dormancy is broken. As mostly farmer-saved seed tubers are used, farmers will normally select and plant their good seed tubers and sell any left over.

Harvest and Storage

Notes

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